Measurement,
Scaling and Instrumentation (5 cpu) 3513058
Lectures 24 h, exercises 60 h, literature and
examinations 49 h
Measurement of volume,
mass, and moisture content. Instrumentation and signal processing.
Spectroscopy, acoustics, thermography.
Calorimetry, polarized
light.
Phase retardation,
diffraction.
Student will gain some knowledge regarding techniques
and systems for measurement and instrumentation, and consequently the ability
to understand and sketch principles for measurement applications.
Lectures:
BOR101,
CA106
10.4.2017,
8-10 Volume
12.4.,
8-12 Mass, Moisture
24.4.,
8-10
Signal
processing, Filtering, Integration
26.4.,
8-12 Fourier-transform,
Spectroscopy, Acoustics
2.5.,
8-12 Calorimetry
3.5.,
8-10 Thermography, Thermoelasticity
8.5.,
8-10 Polarized light
10.5.,
8-12 Phase retardation, Diffraction
Grading:
Weekly exercises 25%
Exam 75%
There are two types of exercises.
Weekly exercises are due mostly Mondays at 9 am,
between April 24 and May 15, to be returned to the
Lecturer’s mailbox by the Northern entrance of the Borealis Building.
Discussion session for last weekly exercise May 17th
8-10 (Room BOR101/CA106).
Weekly Exercises:
Final Exercises in May.
Exercise
consists of review of assigned literature, to be selected from the list below.
This review will be presented as an oral presentation. No written report is
required, provided the oral presentation is satisfactory. However, the talk may
have to be complemented in writing.
Reporting Sessions for Exercises on May 17th (Room
BOR101) at 10-14.
Literature:
Willard, H. H., Merritt, L. L., Dean, J. A. and
Settle, F. A., Instrumental methods of analysis. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 7th
ed. 1988. 895 p. – pp. 1-39, 97-117, 761-785.
Young, H. D. and Freedman, R. A., University Physics.
Addison-Wesley, 10th Ed. 2000., pp.
593-619, 1053-1084.
Final
examination May 19, at 8-10, Room BOR100.
Possibility
for eventual renewals June 12, at 8-10, Room BOR100.
Measurement
of wood chemical structure, and prediction of its macroscopic properties, in terms
of infrared spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared
spectroscopy. http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared
vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4573. Schimleck, L. R., Wright, P. J., Michell.
A. J. and Wallis, A. F., Near-infrared spectra and chemical compositions of
Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens
plantation woods. Appita 50:40-46 (1997).
4394. Kindl, W., Schwanninger, M., Teischinger, A. and Hinterstoisser,
B., Relating chemical composition of wood to its mechanical properties: results
from UV-microscopic and near infrared microscopic studies. Fist International
Conference of the European Society of Wood Mechanics, April 19-21, 2001, Lausanne, Swizerland, pp. 15-19.
4395. Niemz, P., Körner, S., Wienhaus, O., Flamme, W. and Balmer, M., Orientierende Untersuchungen sur Anwendung der NIR-Spektroskopie für die Beurteilung des Mischungsverhältnisses Laubholz/Nadelholz und des Klebstoffanteils
in Spangemischen. (Applying NIR spectroscopy for
evaluation of the hardwood softwood ratio and resin content in chip mictures.) Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff
50:25-28 (1992).
4270. Hauksson, J. B., Bergqvist, G., Bergsten, U., Sjöström,
M. and Edlund, U., Prediction of basic wood
properties for Norway Spruce.
Interpretation of near infrared spectroscopy data using partial least
squares regression. Wood Sci. Tech. 35(6):475-485 (2001).
Wood pulp
chemical structure, in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared
spectroscopy. http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared
vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4579. Åkerholm, M. and Salmén, L.,
Dynamic FTIR spectroscopy for carbohydrate analysis of wood pulps. J. Pulp
Paper Sci. 28(7):245-249 (2002).
4580. Backa, S. and Brolin, A., Determination of pulp
characteristics by diffuse reflectance FTIR. Tappi
74(5):218-226 (1991).
4581. Easty, D. B., Berben, S. A., DeThomas, F. A. and Brimmer, P.
J., Near-infrared spectroscopy for the analyisis of
wood pulp: quantifying hardwood-softwood mixtures and estimating lignin
content. Tappi 73(10):257-261 (1990).
4582.
Hsu, N. N.-C., Schroeck, J. J. and Errigo, L., Identification of the origins of stickies in deinked pulp. Tappi 80(4):63-68 (1997).
Mechanical
properties of paper products, and control of pulping and papermaking processes,
in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
3829. Furumoto, H., Lampe,
U., Meixner, H. and Roth, C., Infrared analysis for
process control in the pulp and paper industry. Tappi
83(9) (2000). 9 p.
4586. Schultz, T. P. and
Burns, D. A., Rapid secondary analysis of lignocellulose: comparison of near
infrared (NIR) and fourier
transform infrared (FTIR). Tappi 73(5):209-212
(1990).
4583. Morrison, P. W. Jr.,
Cosgrove, J. E., Carangelo, R. M., Solomon, P. R., Leroueil, P. and Thorn, P. A., Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) instrumentation for monitoring recovery boilers. Tappi 74(12):68-78 (1991).
Properties
of pulps and cooking
liquors properties in terms of ultraviolet spectroscopy.
4404. Ye C., Räty J., Nyblom I., Hyvärinen H-K. and Moss P., Estimation of lignin content in
single, intact pulp fibers by UV photometry and VIS
Mueller matrix polarimetry. Nordic Pulp & Paper Vol. 16, No. 2, p.
143-148 (2001).
4576. Evtuguin, D. V., Daniel, A. I. D. and Pascoal
Neto, C., Determination of hexeuronic
acid and residual lignin in pulps by UV spectroscopy in cadoxen
solutions. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(6):189-192 (2002).
4577.
Chai, X. S. , Li, J. and Zhu, J. Y., Simultaneous and rapid analysis of
hydroxide, sulphide and carbonate in kraft liquors by
attenuated total reflection UV spectroscopy. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(4):105-109
(2002).
Determination
of wood structure, in terms of ultraviolet spectroscopy.
1667.
Scott, J. A. N, Procter, A. R., Fergus, B. J. & Goring, D. A. I. The
application of ultraviolet microscopy to the distribution of lignin in wood.
Description and validity of the technique. Wood Sci. Tech. 3:73-92 (1969).
48.
Fergus, B. J., Procter, A. R., Scott, J. A. N. & Goring, D. A. I. 1969. The
distribution of lignin in sprucewood as determined by
ultraviolet microscopy. Wood Sci. Tech. 3(2):117-138.
1669.
Fergus, B. J. and Goring, D. A. I., The distribution of lignin in birch wood as
determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Holzforschung
24(4):118-124 (1970).
Microwaves
in the determination of wood properties.
4288. Martin, P., Collet, R., Barthelemy, P. and Roussy, G.,
Evaluation of wood characteristics: internal scanning of the material by
microwaves. Wood Sci. Tech. 21:361-371 (1987).
4598. Eskelinen, P. and Eskelinen, H., A K-band microwave measuring system for the
analysis of tree stems. Silva Fenn. 34(1):37-45
(2000).
4599. Montoro, T., Manrique,
E. amd González-Riviriego,
A., Measurement of the refracting index of wood microwave radiation. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57:295-299 (1999).
Raman-spectroscopy
in the determination of properties of pulps and polymers.
4255.
Galiotis, C., A study of mechanisms of stress
transfer in continuous- and discontinuous-fiber model composites by laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci. Techn.
48:15-28 (1993).
3458.
Hamad, W. Y. and Eichhorn, S., Deformation
micromechanics of regenerated cellulose fibers using raman
spectroscopy. J. Eng. Mat. Tech. 119:309-313 (1997).
2357.
Hamad, W. and Eichhorn, S., Raman spectroscopic
analysis of the microdeformation in cellulosic
fibers. 11th Fundamental Research Symposium, Cambridge, England, Sept. 21-26,
1997, pp. 505-519.
4255.
Galiotis, C., A study of mechanisms of stress
transfer in continuous- and discontinuous-fiber model composites by laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci. Techn.
48:15-28 (1993).
Acoustics in the determination
of the properties of sawlogs.
3941. Tsehaye,
A., Bunchanan, A. H. and Walker, J. C. F., Sorting of
logs using acoustics. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(4):337-344 (2000).
4289. Han, W. and Birkeland,
R., Ultrasonic scanning of logs. Industrial Metrology 2:253-281 (1992).
4839. Huang, C.-L., Lindström,
H., Nakada, R., and Ralston, J., Cell wall structure
and wood properties determined by acoustics – a selective review. Holz als Roh-
und Werkstoff 61:321-335 (2003).
Applications of
mechanical wave detection in wood and paper industries.
4313. Kang, H. and Booker, R. E., Variation of stress
wave velocity with MC and temperature. Wood Sci. Tech. 36(1):41-54 (2002).
2254. Craver, J. K. and Taylor, D. L., Nondestructive
sonic measurement of paper elasticity. Tappi
48(3):142-147 (1965).
4596. Sasaki, Y., and Hasegawa, M., Ultrasonic
measurement of applied stresses in wood by acoustoelastic birefringent method.
12th International Symposium on Nonderstructive
Testing of Wood, Sopron, Hungary, September 2000, http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/sasaki/sasaki.htm
1186. Batten, G. L., The differences between sonically
and mechanically determined elastic moduli of paper. In: Caulfield, D. F., Passaretti, J. D. and Sobczynski,
S. F. (eds.), "Materials Interactions Relevant to the Pulp and Paper and
Wood Industries", Vol. 197, pp. 163-172. Materials Research Society,
Pittsburg, 1990.
Monitoring fractures
through acoustic emissons.
1196. Yamauchi, T. and
Murakami, K., Acoustic and optical measurements during the straining of
paper. 1991 International Paper Physics
Conference, September 22-26, Kona, Hawaiji , pp.
681-684.
3815. Berg, J.-E. and Gradin,
P. Effect of temperature on fracture of spruce in compression, investigated by
use of acoustic emission monitoring. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 26(8):294-299 (2000).
4108. Aicher,
S., Höfflin, L. amd
Dill-Langer, G., Damage evolution and acoustic emission of wood at tension
perpendicular to fiber. Holz
als Roh- und Werkstoff 59:104-116 (2001).
4099b. Landis, N. E. and Whittaker, D. B., Acoustic
emission as a measure of wood fracture energy. Fist International Conference of
the European Society of Wood Mechanics,
Changes
in cell wall structure during drying.
4034. Thuvander,
F., Wallström, L., Berglund, L. A. and Lindberg, K.
A. H., Effects of an impregnation procedure for prevention of wood cell wall
damage due to drying. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(6):473-480 (2001).
4401. Wallström,
L., and Lindberg, K. A. H., Distribution of added chemicals in the cell of high temperature dried
and green wood of swedish
pine, Pinus sylvestris.
Wood Sci. Tech. 34(4):327-336 (2000).
826. Van den Akker, J. A.: Some
theoretical considerations on the mechanical properties of fibrous structures.
In: Bolam, F.(ed.), Formation and structure of paper
Vol I. Transactions of the symposium held at Oxford, September 1961. Technical
Section of the British Paper and Board Makers' Association, London 1962, pp.
205-241.
Freezing
of water in wood and pulp.
4361. Nakamura, K., Hatakeyama,
T., and Hatakeyama, H., Studies on bound water of
cellulose by differential scanning calorimetry. Text. Res. J. 51(9):607-613
(1981).
3531. Maloney, T. and Paulapuro,
H., The formation of pores in the cell wall. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 25(12):430-436
(1999).
Thermography
applications.
1940. Tanaka, A., Otsuka, Y. and Yamauchi, T.,
In-plane fracture toughness testing of paper using thermography. Tappi 80(5):222-226 (1997).
2165. Kiiskinen, H. T., Kukkonen, H. K., Pakarinen, P. I.
And Laine, A. J., Infrared thermography examination
of paper structure. Tappi 80(4):159-162 (1997).
4087.
Hojjatie, B., Abedi, J. and Coffin, D. W., Quantitative determination of
in-plane moisture distribution in paper by infrared thermography. Tappi 84(5) (2001). 11 p.
4589. Maggard, J., On-line
measurement of dryer performance. Tappi 78(3):264-265
(1995).
4590. Tanaka, T. and Divós,
F., Wood inspection by thermography. 12th International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood, Sopron, Hungary, September
2000, http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/tanaka/tanaka.htm.
4597. Wyckhuyse, A. and Maldague, X., A study of wood inspection by infrared
thermography, Parti I: wood pole inspection by
infrared thermography. Res. Nonderstr. Eval. 2001:1-12.
1670.
Scott, J. A. N. and Goring, D. A. I., Photolysis of wood microsections
in the ultraviolet microscope. Wood Sci. Tech 4:237-239 (1970).
Cell wall
structure through birefringence.
1467.
Manwiller, F. G., Senarmont
compensation for determining fibril angles of cell wall layers. For. Prod. J.
16(10):26-30 (1966).
1090. Page, D. H. and El-Hosseiny,
F. The birefringerence of wood pulp fibers and the
thickness of the S1 and S2 layers. Wood and Fiber 6(3):186-192 (1974).
1086. Crosby, C. M., De Zeeuw,
C. and Marton, R.,
Fibrillar angle variation in red pine
determined by Senarmont compensation. Wood Sci. Tech.
6:185-195 (1972).
1470.
Preston, R. D., The fine structure of the walls of the conifer tracheid. II. Optical properties of dissected walls in Pinus insignis. Proc. R. Soc. B 134(875):202-218 (1947).
Microfibril angle through polarized light.
1081. Page, D. H., A method
for determining fibrillar angle of wood tracheids. J. Micros. 90(2):137-143 (1969).
1089. Leney, L., A technique
for measuring fibril angle using polarized light. Wood Fiber 13(1):13-16
(1981).
4603. El-Hosseiny, F. and
Page, D. H., The measurement of fibril angle of wood fibres
using polarized light. Wood and Fiber 5(3):208-214 (1973).
Microfibril angle through x-ray interference.
1464.
Cave, I. D., Theory of X-ray measurement of microfibril
angle in wood. For. Prod. J. 16(10):37-42 (1966).
1468.
Meylan, B. A., Measurement of microfibril
angle by X-ray diffraction. For. Prod. J. 17(5):51-58 (1967).
1105.
Prud'homme, R. E. and Noah, J., Determination of
fibril angle distribution in wood fibers: a comparison between thex-ray diffraction and the polarized microscope methods.
Wood Fiber 6(4):282-289 (1975).
4858. Andersson,
S., Serimaa, R., Torkkeli, M.,
Paakkari, T., Saranpää, P.
and Pesonen, E., Microfibril
angle of Norway spruce [Picea abiues
(L.) Karst.] compression wood: comparison of measuring techniques. J. Wood Sci.
46:343-349 (2000).
X-ray densitometry.
4600. Gureyev,
T. E. and Evans, R., A method for measuring vessel-free density distribution in
hardwoods. Wood Sci. Tech. 33:31-42 (1999).
4601. Stanzl-Tschegg,
S. E., Filion, L., Tschegg,
E. K. and Reiterer, A., Strength properties and
density of SO2 polluted spruce wood. Holz als Roh- und Verkstoff
57:121-128 (1999).
4602.
Divos, F., Szegedi, S. and Raics, P., Local densitometry of wood by gamma
back-scattering. Holz als Roh- und Verkstoff. 54:279-281
(1996).
4240.
Bergsten, U., Lindeberg, J., Rindby,
A. and Evans, R., Bach measurements of wood density of intact or prepared drill
cores using x-ray microdensitometry. Wood Sci. Tech.
35(5):435-452 (2001).
Internal structure
of sawlogs through x-ray radiation.
3628. Grundberg,
S., X-ray log scanner - a tool for control of the sawmill process. Luleå Univ. of Technology, Div. of Wood Technology, Skellefteå, SE, Report 1999:37.
3629. Oja, J., X-ray measurement of properties of saw logs. Luleå Univ. of Technology, Div. of Wood Technology, Skellefteå, SE, Report 1999:14.
4857. Skog, J. and Oja, J., Improved log sorting
combining X-ray and 3D scanning – a preliminary study. Cost E 53 Conference –
Quality Control for Wood and Wood Products, October 2007, Warsaw, Poland,
133-140.
Wood density through
transmission intensity of visible.
3992. Palviainen, J. and Silvennoinen, R., Inspection of wood density by
spectrophotometry and diffractive optical element based sensor. Meas. Sci.
Tech. 12:1-8 (2001).
4413. Palviainen, J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R.
and Peiponen, K.-E., Optical sensing of colour print
on paper by a diffractive optical element. Meas. Sci. Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Anisotropy through light
scattering patters.
4414. Simonaho, S.-P., Palviainen, J., Tolonen, Y. and Silvennoinen, R., Determination of wood grain direction
from laser light scattering pattern. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 41(1):95-103 (2004).
3992. Palviainen, J. and Silvennoinen, R., Inspection of wood density by spectrophotometry
and diffractive optical element based sensor. Meas. Sci. Tech.
12:1-8 (2001).
4413. Palviainen, J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R.
and Peiponen, K.-E., Optical sensing of colour print
on paper by a diffractive optical element. Meas. Sci.
Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Nuclear magnetic resonance
in identification and characterization of water.
4592. Guzenda, R. and Wieslaw, O., Identification of free and bound water content
in wood by means of NMR relaxometry. 12th
International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of
Wood, Sopron, Hungary, September 2000,
http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/guzenda/guzenda.htm
4287. Chang, S. J., Olson, J. R. and Wang, P. C., NMR
imaging of internal features in wood. For. Prod. J. 39(6):43-49 (1989).
1960. Capitani, D., Segre, A.
L., Attanasio, D., Blicharsca,
B., Focher, B. and Capretti,
G., 1H NMR relaxation study of paper as a system of cellulose and water. Tappi 79(6):113-122 (1996).
Heartwood
detection for Scotch pine by fluorescence image analysis
5166.
Antikainen Jukka, Hirvonen
Tapani, Kinnunen Jussi, Hauta-Kasari Markku. Heartwood
detection for Scotch pine by fluorescence image analysis. Holzforschung,
Vol. 66, pp. 877–881, 2012.