Measurement,
Scaling and Instrumentation (5 cpu) 3513058 Petri P. Kärenlampi
Lectures 24 h, exercises 60 h, literature and
examinations 49 h
Measurement of volume, mass,
and moisture content. Instrumentation and signal processing. Spectroscopy,
acoustics, thermography.
Calorimetry, polarized
light.
Phase retardation,
diffraction.
Student will gain some knowledge regarding techniques
and systems for measurement and instrumentation, and consequently the ability
to understand and sketch principles for measurement applications.
Lectures will be given at Bor101, and streamed with
Video Conference Apparatus into Microsoft Teams. Presently, there are no
restrictions to the presence in the lecture room. Any participant shall have an
opportunity to present questions and comments either in the lecture room or
within the Teams-meeting.
Exam will hopefully be on site. Please check the exam
dates proposed below. Let the lecturer know if there is any time conflict.
Lectures on Mondays can be joined at
Lectures on Wednesdays can
be joined at
Lecture on Tuesday, April 25 can be joined at
Lectures:
BOR101
20.3.2023,
8-10 Volume, Mass
22.3., 8-12 Moisture,
Humidity, Sorption
27.3., 8-10
Signal processing, Filtering, Integration
29.3., 8-12
Fourier-transform, Spectroscopy, Acoustics
3.4., 8-10
Calorimetry
5.4., 8-12
Thermography, Thermoelasticity
19.4., 8-12
Polarized light, Phase retardation
25.4.,
8.00-12
Reporting of final exercise
Grading:
Weekly exercises 25%
Exam 75%
There are two types of exercises.
Weekly exercises are due March 27, April 3, 17 and 24,
at 9 am, to be returned to the Lecturer’s green metallic mailbox by the
Northern entrance of the Borealis Building. Emails sent after the due time will
not be processed.
Weekly Exercises:
Final Exercises.
Exercise
consists of review of assigned literature, to be selected from the list below.
This review will be presented as an oral presentation of 20 minutes. No written
report is required, provided the oral presentation is satisfactory. However,
the talk may have to be complemented in writing.
Please let the lecturer know whether you are available to give your presentation
in the lecture room by April 26.
Literature:
Willard, H. H., Merritt, L. L., Dean, J. A. and Settle,
F. A., Instrumental methods of analysis. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 7th ed. 1988.
895 p. – pp. 1-39, 97-117, 761-785.
Young, H. D. and Freedman, R. A., University Physics.
Addison-Wesley, 10th Ed. 2000., pp.
593-619, 1053-1084.
Final
examination April 28, at 10-12, Room Bor100.
Possibility
for eventual renewals May 12, at 10-12, Room Bor100.
Lecture
recordings:
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=9607b7e9-c617-46ef-8348-afea00795a37
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=a38cea1b-a7ea-4305-904a-afea00795a7f
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=6a436ac2-d245-419b-9b6c-afef00bdafb9
Measurement
of wood chemical structure, and prediction of its macroscopic properties, in terms
of infrared spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared spectroscopy.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4573.
Schimleck, L. R., Wright, P. J., Michell. A. J. and Wallis, A. F.,
Near-infrared spectra and chemical compositions of Eucalyptus globulus and E.
nitens plantation woods. Appita 50:40-46 (1997).
4394.
Kindl, W., Schwanninger, M., Teischinger, A. and Hinterstoisser, B., Relating
chemical composition of wood to its mechanical properties: results from UV-microscopic
and near infrared microscopic studies. Fist International Conference of the
European Society of Wood Mechanics,
April 19-21, 2001, Lausanne, Swizerland, pp. 15-19.
4395. Niemz, P., Körner, S., Wienhaus, O., Flamme, W.
and Balmer, M., Orientierende Untersuchungen sur Anwendung der
NIR-Spektroskopie für die Beurteilung des Mischungsverhältnisses
Laubholz/Nadelholz und des Klebstoffanteils in Spangemischen. (Applying NIR
spectroscopy for evaluation of the hardwood softwood ratio and resin content in
chip mictures.) Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 50:25-28 (1992).
4270. Hauksson, J. B., Bergqvist, G., Bergsten, U.,
Sjöström, M. and Edlund, U., Prediction of basic wood properties for Norway
Spruce. Interpretation of near infrared
spectroscopy data using partial least squares regression. Wood Sci. Tech.
35(6):475-485 (2001).
Wood pulp
chemical structure, in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared spectroscopy. http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4579.
Åkerholm, M. and Salmén, L., Dynamic FTIR spectroscopy for carbohydrate
analysis of wood pulps. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(7):245-249 (2002).
4580.
Backa, S. and Brolin, A., Determination of pulp characteristics by diffuse
reflectance FTIR. Tappi 74(5):218-226 (1991).
4581.
Easty, D. B., Berben, S. A., DeThomas, F. A. and Brimmer, P. J., Near-infrared
spectroscopy for the analyisis of wood pulp: quantifying hardwood-softwood
mixtures and estimating lignin content. Tappi 73(10):257-261 (1990).
4582.
Hsu, N. N.-C., Schroeck, J. J. and Errigo, L., Identification of the origins of
stickies in deinked pulp. Tappi 80(4):63-68 (1997).
Mechanical
properties of paper products, and control of pulping and papermaking processes,
in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
3829.
Furumoto, H., Lampe, U., Meixner, H. and Roth, C., Infrared analysis for
process control in the pulp and paper industry. Tappi 83(9) (2000). 9 p.
4586. Schultz, T. P. and Burns, D. A., Rapid secondary
analysis of lignocellulose: comparison of near infrared (NIR) and fourier
transform infrared (FTIR). Tappi 73(5):209-212 (1990).
4583. Morrison, P. W. Jr., Cosgrove, J. E., Carangelo,
R. M., Solomon, P. R., Leroueil, P. and Thorn, P. A., Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) instrumentation for monitoring recovery boilers. Tappi
74(12):68-78 (1991).
Properties
of pulps and cooking
liquors properties in terms of ultraviolet spectroscopy.
4404. Ye C.,
Räty J., Nyblom I., Hyvärinen H-K. and Moss P., Estimation of lignin content in
single, intact pulp fibers by UV photometry and VIS Mueller matrix polarimetry.
Nordic Pulp & Paper Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 143-148 (2001).
4576.
Evtuguin, D. V., Daniel, A. I. D. and Pascoal Neto, C., Determination of
hexeuronic acid and residual lignin in pulps by UV spectroscopy in cadoxen
solutions. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(6):189-192 (2002).
4577.
Chai, X. S. , Li, J. and Zhu, J. Y., Simultaneous and rapid analysis of
hydroxide, sulphide and carbonate in kraft liquors by attenuated total
reflection UV spectroscopy. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(4):105-109 (2002).
Determination
of wood structure, in terms of ultraviolet spectroscopy.
1667.
Scott, J. A. N, Procter, A. R., Fergus, B. J. & Goring, D. A. I. The
application of ultraviolet microscopy to the distribution of lignin in wood.
Description and validity of the technique. Wood Sci. Tech. 3:73-92 (1969).
48.
Fergus, B. J., Procter, A. R., Scott, J. A. N. & Goring, D. A. I. 1969. The
distribution of lignin in sprucewood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy.
Wood Sci. Tech. 3(2):117-138.
1669.
Fergus, B. J. and Goring, D. A. I., The distribution of lignin in birch wood as
determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Holzforschung 24(4):118-124 (1970).
Microwaves
in the determination of wood properties.
4288. Martin, P., Collet,
R., Barthelemy, P. and Roussy, G., Evaluation of wood characteristics: internal
scanning of the material by microwaves. Wood Sci. Tech. 21:361-371 (1987).
4598. Eskelinen, P. and Eskelinen, H., A K-band
microwave measuring system for the analysis of tree stems. Silva Fenn.
34(1):37-45 (2000).
4599. Montoro, T., Manrique, E. amd González-Riviriego,
A., Measurement of the refracting index of wood microwave radiation. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff
57:295-299 (1999).
Raman-spectroscopy
in the determination of properties of pulps and polymers.
4255.
Galiotis, C., A study of mechanisms of stress transfer in continuous- and
discontinuous-fiber model composites by laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci.
Techn. 48:15-28 (1993).
3458.
Hamad, W. Y. and Eichhorn, S., Deformation micromechanics of regenerated
cellulose fibers using raman spectroscopy. J. Eng. Mat. Tech. 119:309-313
(1997).
2357.
Hamad, W. and Eichhorn, S., Raman spectroscopic analysis of the
microdeformation in cellulosic fibers. 11th Fundamental Research Symposium,
Cambridge, England, Sept. 21-26, 1997, pp. 505-519.
4255.
Galiotis, C., A study of mechanisms of stress transfer in continuous- and
discontinuous-fiber model composites by laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci.
Techn. 48:15-28 (1993).
Acoustics in the determination
of the properties of sawlogs.
3941. Tsehaye, A.,
Bunchanan, A. H. and Walker, J. C. F., Sorting of logs using acoustics. Wood
Sci. Tech. 34(4):337-344 (2000).
4289. Han, W. and Birkeland, R., Ultrasonic scanning of
logs. Industrial
Metrology 2:253-281 (1992).
4839. Huang, C.-L., Lindström, H., Nakada, R., and
Ralston, J., Cell wall structure and wood properties determined by acoustics –
a selective review. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 61:321-335 (2003).
Applications of mechanical
wave detection in wood and paper industries.
4313. Kang, H. and Booker, R. E., Variation of stress
wave velocity with MC and temperature. Wood Sci. Tech. 36(1):41-54 (2002).
2254. Craver, J. K. and Taylor, D. L., Nondestructive
sonic measurement of paper elasticity. Tappi 48(3):142-147 (1965).
4596. Sasaki, Y., and Hasegawa, M., Ultrasonic
measurement of applied stresses in wood by acoustoelastic birefringent method.
12th International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood, Sopron,
Hungary, September 2000, http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/sasaki/sasaki.htm
1186. Batten, G. L., The differences between sonically
and mechanically determined elastic moduli of paper. In: Caulfield, D. F.,
Passaretti, J. D. and Sobczynski, S. F. (eds.), "Materials Interactions
Relevant to the Pulp and Paper and Wood Industries", Vol. 197, pp.
163-172. Materials Research Society, Pittsburg, 1990.
Monitoring fractures
through acoustic emissons.
1196. Yamauchi, T. and
Murakami, K., Acoustic and optical measurements during the straining of
paper. 1991 International Paper Physics
Conference, September 22-26, Kona, Hawaiji , pp. 681-684.
3815. Berg, J.-E. and Gradin, P. Effect of
temperature on fracture of spruce in compression, investigated by use of
acoustic emission monitoring. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 26(8):294-299 (2000).
4108. Aicher, S.,
Höfflin, L. amd Dill-Langer, G., Damage evolution and acoustic emission of wood
at tension perpendicular to fiber. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 59:104-116
(2001).
4099b. Landis, N. E. and Whittaker, D. B., Acoustic
emission as a measure of wood fracture energy. Fist International Conference of
the European Society of Wood Mechanics,
Changes
in cell wall structure during drying.
4034. Thuvander, F.,
Wallström, L., Berglund, L. A. and Lindberg, K. A. H., Effects of an
impregnation procedure for prevention of wood cell wall damage due to drying.
Wood Sci. Tech. 34(6):473-480 (2001).
4401. Wallström, L.,
and Lindberg, K. A. H., Distribution of added chemicals in the cell of high temperature dried
and green wood of swedish pine, Pinus sylvestris. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(4):327-336
(2000).
826. Van den Akker, J. A.: Some theoretical considerations
on the mechanical properties of fibrous structures. In: Bolam, F.(ed.),
Formation and structure of paper Vol I. Transactions of the symposium held at
Oxford, September 1961. Technical Section of the British Paper and Board
Makers' Association, London 1962, pp. 205-241.
Freezing
of water in wood and pulp.
4361. Nakamura, K., Hatakeyama, T., and Hatakeyama,
H., Studies on bound water of cellulose by differential scanning calorimetry.
Text. Res. J. 51(9):607-613 (1981).
3531. Maloney, T. and Paulapuro, H., The formation
of pores in the cell wall. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 25(12):430-436 (1999).
Thermography
applications.
1940. Tanaka, A., Otsuka, Y. and Yamauchi, T.,
In-plane fracture toughness testing of paper using thermography. Tappi
80(5):222-226 (1997).
2165. Kiiskinen, H. T., Kukkonen, H. K., Pakarinen, P.
I. And Laine, A. J., Infrared thermography examination of paper structure.
Tappi 80(4):159-162 (1997).
4087.
Hojjatie, B., Abedi, J. and Coffin, D. W., Quantitative determination of
in-plane moisture distribution in paper by infrared thermography. Tappi 84(5)
(2001). 11 p.
4589. Maggard, J., On-line measurement of dryer
performance. Tappi 78(3):264-265 (1995).
4590. Tanaka, T. and Divós, F., Wood inspection by
thermography. 12th International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood,
Sopron, Hungary, September 2000,
http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/tanaka/tanaka.htm.
4597. Wyckhuyse, A. and Maldague, X., A study of wood
inspection by infrared thermography, Parti I: wood pole inspection by infrared
thermography. Res. Nonderstr. Eval. 2001:1-12.
1670.
Scott, J. A. N. and Goring, D. A. I., Photolysis of wood microsections in the
ultraviolet microscope. Wood Sci. Tech 4:237-239 (1970).
Cell wall
structure through birefringence.
1467.
Manwiller, F. G., Senarmont compensation for determining fibril angles of cell
wall layers. For. Prod. J. 16(10):26-30 (1966).
1090. Page, D. H. and El-Hosseiny, F. The
birefringerence of wood pulp fibers and the thickness of the S1 and S2 layers.
Wood and Fiber 6(3):186-192 (1974).
1086. Crosby, C. M., De Zeeuw, C. and Marton, R., Fibrillar angle variation in red pine
determined by Senarmont compensation. Wood Sci. Tech. 6:185-195 (1972).
1470. Preston, R. D., The fine structure of the walls
of the conifer tracheid. II. Optical
properties of dissected walls in Pinus insignis. Proc. R. Soc. B
134(875):202-218 (1947).
4605b. Preston, R. D., Structure determination –
optical microscopy. In:”Preston, R. D., The physical biology of plant cell
walls”, Wiley 1974.
Microfibril
angle through polarized light.
1081. Page, D. H., A method
for determining fibrillar angle of wood tracheids. J. Micros. 90(2):137-143
(1969).
1089. Leney, L., A technique for measuring fibril angle
using polarized light. Wood Fiber 13(1):13-16 (1981).
4603. El-Hosseiny, F. and Page, D. H., The measurement
of fibril angle of wood fibres using polarized light. Wood and Fiber
5(3):208-214 (1973).
Microfibril
angle through x-ray interference.
1464.
Cave, I. D., Theory of X-ray measurement of microfibril angle in wood. For.
Prod. J. 16(10):37-42 (1966).
1468.
Meylan, B. A., Measurement of microfibril angle by X-ray diffraction. For.
Prod. J. 17(5):51-58 (1967).
1105.
Prud'homme, R. E. and Noah, J., Determination of fibril angle distribution in
wood fibers: a comparison between thex-ray diffraction and the polarized
microscope methods. Wood Fiber 6(4):282-289 (1975).
4858. Andersson,
S., Serimaa, R., Torkkeli, M., Paakkari, T., Saranpää, P. and Pesonen, E., Microfibril
angle of Norway spruce [Picea abiues (L.) Karst.] compression wood: comparison
of measuring techniques. J. Wood Sci. 46:343-349 (2000).
X-ray densitometry.
4600. Gureyev, T. E. and Evans,
R., A method for measuring vessel-free density distribution in hardwoods. Wood
Sci. Tech. 33:31-42 (1999).
4601. Stanzl-Tschegg, S. E.,
Filion, L., Tschegg, E. K. and Reiterer, A., Strength properties and density of
SO2 polluted spruce wood. Holz als Roh- und Verkstoff 57:121-128 (1999).
4602.
Divos, F., Szegedi, S. and Raics, P., Local densitometry of wood by gamma
back-scattering. Holz als Roh- und Verkstoff. 54:279-281 (1996).
4240.
Bergsten, U., Lindeberg, J., Rindby, A. and Evans, R., Bach measurements of
wood density of intact or prepared drill cores using x-ray microdensitometry.
Wood Sci. Tech. 35(5):435-452 (2001).
Internal structure of
sawlogs through x-ray radiation.
3628. Grundberg, S.,
X-ray log scanner - a tool for control of the sawmill process. Luleå Univ. of
Technology, Div. of Wood Technology, Skellefteå, SE, Report 1999:37.
3629.
Oja, J., X-ray measurement of properties of saw logs. Luleå Univ. of
Technology, Div. of Wood Technology, Skellefteå, SE, Report 1999:14.
4857. Skog, J. and Oja,
J., Improved log sorting combining X-ray and 3D scanning – a preliminary study.
Cost E 53 Conference – Quality Control for Wood and Wood Products, October
2007, Warsaw, Poland, 133-140.
Wood density through
transmission intensity of visible.
3992. Palviainen, J. and Silvennoinen, R., Inspection
of wood density by spectrophotometry and diffractive optical element based
sensor. Meas. Sci. Tech. 12:1-8 (2001).
4413. Palviainen, J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R.
and Peiponen, K.-E., Optical sensing of colour print on paper by a diffractive
optical element. Meas. Sci. Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Anisotropy through light
scattering patters.
4414. Simonaho, S.-P., Palviainen, J., Tolonen, Y.
and Silvennoinen, R., Determination of wood grain direction from laser light
scattering pattern. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 41(1):95-103 (2004).
3992. Palviainen, J. and Silvennoinen, R.,
Inspection of wood density by spectrophotometry and diffractive optical element
based sensor. Meas. Sci. Tech. 12:1-8 (2001).
4413. Palviainen, J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R.
and Peiponen, K.-E., Optical sensing of colour print on paper by a diffractive
optical element. Meas. Sci. Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Nuclear magnetic resonance
in identification and characterization of water.
4592. Guzenda, R. and Wieslaw, O., Identification of
free and bound water content in wood by means of NMR relaxometry. 12th
International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood, Sopron, Hungary,
September 2000, http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/guzenda/guzenda.htm
4287. Chang, S. J., Olson, J. R. and Wang, P. C.,
NMR imaging of internal features in wood. For. Prod. J. 39(6):43-49 (1989).
1960. Capitani, D., Segre, A. L., Attanasio, D.,
Blicharsca, B., Focher, B. and Capretti, G., 1H NMR relaxation study of paper
as a system of cellulose and water. Tappi 79(6):113-122 (1996).
Heartwood
detection for Scotch pine by fluorescence image analysis
5166.
Antikainen Jukka, Hirvonen
Tapani, Kinnunen Jussi, Hauta-Kasari Markku. Heartwood
detection for Scotch pine by fluorescence image analysis. Holzforschung, Vol.
66, pp. 877–881, 2012.