Measurement, Scaling and Instrumentation (5 cpu)
160227
Lectures 24 h, exercises
30 h, literature and examinations 79 h
Measurement of volume, mass, and moisture
content. Instrumentation and signal processing. Spectroscopy, acoustics,
thermography.
Calorimetry, polarized light.
Phase retardation, diffraction.
Lectures:
Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday
5.3., 8-10, Room B5 Volume
6.3., 10-12, Room B5 Mass
12.3., 8-10, Room B5 Moisture
13.3., 10-12, Room B5 Signal
processing
19.3., 8-10, Room B5 Filtering,
Integration, Fourier-transform
20.3., 10-12, Room B5 Spectroscopy
21.3., 8-10, Room B5 Acoustics
26.3., 8-10, Room B5 Calorimetry
27.3., 10-12, Room B5 Thermography
28.3., 8-10, Room B5 Polarized light
2.4., 8-10, Room
B5 Phase
retardation
3.4., 10-12, Room
B5 Diffraction
4.4., 8-10, Room Bor156 Rest of Items
Exercises April
2007.
Exercise consists of
review of assigned literature, to be selected from the list below. This review
will be presented as an oral presentation. No written report is required,
provided the oral presentation is satisfactory. However, the talk may have to
be complemented in writing.
Reporting
Sessions for Exercises on April 16th (Room Bor156) and 17th (Room Bor156), at
16-18.
Literature:
Willard,
H. H., Merritt, L. L., Dean, J. A. and Settle, F. A., Instrumental methods of
analysis.
Young,
H. D. and Freedman, R. A., University Physics. Addison-Wesley, 10th Ed. 2000.,
pp. 593-619, 1053-1084.
Final examination April
19, at 8-10, Room Bor155.
Possibility for
eventual renewals May 7, at 16-18, Room Bor156.
In addition, the Dean has decided that an
examination can be taken in the common examination of June 1, 2007.
Measurement of
wood chemical structure, and prediction of its macroscopic properties, in terms
of infrared spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared spectroscopy. http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4573.
Schimleck, L. R., Wright, P. J., Michell. A. J. and Wallis, A. F.,
Near-infrared spectra and chemical compositions of Eucalyptus globulus and E.
nitens plantation woods. Appita 50:40-46 (1997).
4394.
Kindl, W., Schwanninger, M., Teischinger, A. and Hinterstoisser, B., Relating
chemical composition of wood to its mechanical properties: results from
UV-microscopic and near infrared microscopic studies. Fist International
Conference of the European Society of Wood Mechanics, April 19-21, 2001,
4395. Niemz, P., Körner, S., Wienhaus, O., Flamme, W. and Balmer, M.,
Orientierende Untersuchungen sur Anwendung der NIR-Spektroskopie für die
Beurteilung des Mischungsverhältnisses Laubholz/Nadelholz und des
Klebstoffanteils in Spangemischen. (Applying NIR spectroscopy for evaluation of
the hardwood softwood ratio and resin content in chip mictures.) Holz als Roh-
und Werkstoff 50:25-28 (1992).
4270.
Hauksson, J. B., Bergqvist, G., Bergsten, U., Sjöström, M. and Edlund, U.,
Prediction of basic wood properties for Norway Spruce. Interpretation of near infrared spectroscopy
data using partial least squares regression. Wood Sci. Tech. 35(6):475-485
(2001).
Wood pulp
chemical structure, in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared spectroscopy.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4579.
Åkerholm, M. and Salmén, L., Dynamic FTIR spectroscopy for carbohydrate
analysis of wood pulps. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(7):245-249 (2002).
4580.
Backa, S. and Brolin, A., Determination of pulp characteristics by diffuse reflectance
FTIR. Tappi 74(5):218-226 (1991).
4581.
Easty, D. B., Berben, S. A., DeThomas, F. A. and Brimmer, P. J., Near-infrared
spectroscopy for the analyisis of wood pulp: quantifying hardwood-softwood
mixtures and estimating lignin content. Tappi 73(10):257-261 (1990).
4582. Hsu, N. N.-C., Schroeck, J. J. and Errigo, L., Identification of the origins of stickies in deinked pulp. Tappi 80(4):63-68 (1997).
Mechanical
properties of paper products, and control of pulping and papermaking processes,
in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
3829. Furumoto, H., Lampe, U., Meixner, H. and
Roth, C., Infrared analysis for process control in the pulp and paper industry.
Tappi 83(9) (2000). 9 p.
4586. Schultz, T. P. and Burns, D. A., Rapid secondary analysis of
lignocellulose: comparison of near infrared (NIR) and fourier transform
infrared (FTIR). Tappi 73(5):209-212 (1990).
4583. Morrison, P. W. Jr., Cosgrove, J. E., Carangelo, R. M., Solomon,
P. R., Leroueil, P. and Thorn, P. A., Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
instrumentation for monitoring recovery boilers. Tappi 74(12):68-78 (1991).
Properties
of pulps and cooking liquors
properties in terms of ultraviolet spectroscopy.
4404. Ye C.,
Räty J.,
4576.
Evtuguin, D. V., Daniel, A. I. D. and Pascoal Neto, C., Determination of
hexeuronic acid and residual lignin in pulps by UV spectroscopy in cadoxen
solutions. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(6):189-192 (2002).
4577.
Chai, X. S. , Li, J. and Zhu, J. Y., Simultaneous and rapid analysis of
hydroxide, sulphide and carbonate in kraft liquors by attenuated total
reflection UV spectroscopy. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(4):105-109 (2002).
Determination of wood structure, in
terms of ultraviolet spectroscopy.
1667. Scott, J. A. N, Procter, A. R., Fergus, B.
J. & Goring, D. A. I. The application of ultraviolet microscopy to the
distribution of lignin in wood. Description and validity of the technique. Wood
Sci. Tech. 3:73-92 (1969).
48. Fergus, B. J., Procter, A. R., Scott, J. A.
N. & Goring, D. A. I. 1969. The distribution of lignin in sprucewood as
determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Wood Sci. Tech. 3(2):117-138.
1669. Fergus, B. J. and Goring, D. A.
Microwaves in
the determination of wood properties.
4288. Martin, P., Collet, R., Barthelemy,
P. and Roussy, G., Evaluation of wood characteristics: internal scanning of the
material by microwaves. Wood Sci. Tech. 21:361-371 (1987).
4598. Eskelinen, P. and Eskelinen, H., A K-band
microwave measuring system for the analysis of tree stems. Silva Fenn.
34(1):37-45 (2000).
4599. Montoro, T., Manrique, E. amd
González-Riviriego, A., Measurement of the refracting index of wood microwave
radiation. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57:295-299 (1999).
Raman-spectroscopy
in the determination of properties of pulps and polymers.
4255. Galiotis, C., A study of mechanisms of
stress transfer in continuous- and discontinuous-fiber model composites by
laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci. Techn. 48:15-28 (1993).
3458. Hamad, W. Y. and Eichhorn, S., Deformation
micromechanics of regenerated cellulose fibers using raman spectroscopy. J. Eng. Mat. Tech. 119:309-313 (1997).
2357. Hamad, W. and Eichhorn, S., Raman
spectroscopic analysis of the microdeformation in cellulosic fibers. 11th
Fundamental Research Symposium,
4255. Galiotis, C., A study of mechanisms of
stress transfer in continuous- and discontinuous-fiber model composites by
laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci. Techn. 48:15-28 (1993).
Acoustics in the determination
of the properties of sawlogs.
3941. Tsehaye, A.,
Bunchanan, A. H. and
4289. Han, W. and Birkeland, R., Ultrasonic scanning of logs. Industrial
Metrology 2:253-281 (1992).
Applications of mechanical wave
detection in wood and paper industries.
4313. Kang, H. and Booker, R. E., Variation of stress wave velocity with
MC and temperature. Wood Sci. Tech. 36(1):41-54 (2002).
2254. Craver, J. K. and
Taylor, D. L., Nondestructive sonic measurement of paper elasticity. Tappi
48(3):142-147 (1965).
4596. Sasaki, Y., and Hasegawa, M., Ultrasonic measurement of applied
stresses in wood by acoustoelastic birefringent method. 12th International
Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood,
1186. Batten, G. L., The
differences between sonically and mechanically determined elastic moduli of
paper. In: Caulfield, D. F., Passaretti, J. D. and Sobczynski, S. F. (eds.),
"Materials Interactions Relevant to the Pulp and Paper and Wood
Industries", Vol. 197, pp. 163-172. Materials Research Society,
Monitoring fractures through acoustic emissons.
1196. Yamauchi, T. and Murakami, K., Acoustic
and optical measurements during the straining of paper. 1991 International Paper Physics Conference,
September 22-26, Kona, Hawaiji , pp. 681-684.
3815. Berg, J.-E. and Gradin, P.
Effect of temperature on fracture of spruce in compression, investigated by use
of acoustic emission monitoring. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 26(8):294-299 (2000).
4108.
Aicher, S., Höfflin, L. amd Dill-Langer, G., Damage evolution and acoustic
emission of wood at tension perpendicular to fiber. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff
59:104-116 (2001).
4099b. Landis, N. E. and Whittaker,
D. B., Acoustic emission as a measure of wood fracture energy. Fist International
Conference of the European Society of Wood Mechanics,
Changes in cell wall structure during
drying.
4034. Thuvander,
F., Wallström, L., Berglund, L. A. and Lindberg, K. A. H., Effects of an impregnation
procedure for prevention of wood cell wall damage due to drying. Wood Sci.
Tech. 34(6):473-480 (2001).
4401. Wallström,
L., and Lindberg, K. A. H., Distribution of added chemicals
in the cell of high temperature dried and green wood of swedish pine, Pinus
sylvestris. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(4):327-336 (2000).
826.
Van
den Akker, J. A.: Some theoretical considerations on the mechanical properties
of fibrous structures. In: Bolam, F.(ed.), Formation and structure of paper
Vol I. Transactions of the symposium held at
Freezing of
water in wood and pulp.
4361. Nakamura, K., Hatakeyama, T., and Hatakeyama,
H., Studies on bound water of cellulose by differential scanning calorimetry.
Text. Res. J. 51(9):607-613 (1981).
3531. Maloney, T. and Paulapuro, H., The
formation of pores in the cell wall. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 25(12):430-436 (1999).
Thermography applications.
1940. Tanaka, A., Otsuka, Y.
and Yamauchi, T., In-plane fracture toughness testing of paper using
thermography. Tappi 80(5):222-226 (1997).
2165. Kiiskinen, H. T.,
Kukkonen, H. K., Pakarinen, P. I. And Laine, A. J., Infrared thermography
examination of paper structure. Tappi 80(4):159-162 (1997).
4087. Hojjatie, B., Abedi, J. and Coffin, D. W.,
Quantitative determination of in-plane moisture distribution in paper by
infrared thermography. Tappi 84(5) (2001). 11 p.
4589. Maggard, J., On-line measurement of dryer performance. Tappi
78(3):264-265 (1995).
4590. Tanaka, T. and Divós, F., Wood inspection by thermography. 12th
International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood,
4597. Wyckhuyse, A. and Maldague, X., A study of wood inspection by
infrared thermography, Parti I: wood pole inspection by infrared thermography.
Res. Nonderstr. Eval. 2001:1-12.
1670. Scott, J. A. N. and Goring, D. A.
Cell wall
structure through birefringence.
1467. Manwiller, F. G., Senarmont compensation
for determining fibril angles of cell wall layers. For. Prod. J. 16(10):26-30
(1966).
1090. Page, D. H. and
El-Hosseiny, F. The birefringerence of wood pulp fibers and the thickness of
the S1 and S2 layers. Wood and Fiber 6(3):186-192 (1974).
1086. Crosby, C. M., De
Zeeuw, C. and Marton, R., Fibrillar
angle variation in red pine determined by Senarmont compensation. Wood Sci.
Tech. 6:185-195 (1972).
1470.
Microfibril
angle through polarized light.
1081. Page, D. H., A method
for determining fibrillar angle of wood tracheids. J. Micros. 90(2):137-143
(1969).
1089.
Leney, L., A technique for measuring fibril angle using polarized light. Wood
Fiber 13(1):13-16 (1981).
4603. El-Hosseiny, F. and Page,
D. H., The measurement of fibril angle of wood fibres using polarized light.
Wood and Fiber 5(3):208-214 (1973).
Microfibril angle
through x-ray interference.
1468. Meylan, B. A., Measurement of microfibril
angle by X-ray diffraction. For. Prod. J. 17(5):51-58 (1967).
1105.
Prud'homme, R. E. and Noah, J., Determination of fibril angle distribution in
wood fibers: a comparison between thex-ray diffraction and the polarized
microscope methods. Wood Fiber 6(4):282-289 (1975).
X-ray densitometry.
4600. Gureyev, T. E. and Evans, R., A method
for measuring vessel-free density distribution in hardwoods. Wood Sci. Tech.
33:31-42 (1999).
4601. Stanzl-Tschegg, S. E., Filion, L.,
Tschegg, E. K. and Reiterer, A., Strength properties and density of SO2
polluted spruce wood. Holz als Roh- und Verkstoff 57:121-128 (1999).
4602. Divos, F., Szegedi, S. and Raics, P.,
Local densitometry of wood by gamma back-scattering. Holz als Roh- und
Verkstoff. 54:279-281 (1996).
4240.
Bergsten, U., Lindeberg, J., Rindby, A. and Evans, R., Bach measurements of
wood density of intact or prepared drill cores using x-ray microdensitometry.
Wood Sci. Tech. 35(5):435-452 (2001).
Internal structure of sawlogs through x-ray radiation.
3628. Grundberg, S., X-ray log scanner - a tool
for control of the sawmill process.
3629. Oja,
J., X-ray measurement of properties of saw logs.
Wood density through
transmission intensity of visible.
3992. Palviainen, J. and Silvennoinen, R., Inspection of wood density by
spectrophotometry and diffractive optical element based sensor. Meas. Sci.
Tech. 12:1-8 (2001).
4413. Palviainen, J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R. and Peiponen,
K.-E., Optical sensing of colour print on paper by a diffractive optical
element. Meas. Sci. Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Anisotropy through light
scattering patters.
4414. Simonaho,
S.-P., Palviainen, J., Tolonen, Y. and Silvennoinen, R., Determination of wood
grain direction from laser light scattering pattern. Optics and Lasers in
Engineering 41(1):95-103 (2004).
3992. Palviainen,
J. and Silvennoinen, R., Inspection of wood density by spectrophotometry and
diffractive optical element based sensor. Meas. Sci. Tech. 12:1-8
(2001).
4413. Palviainen,
J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R. and Peiponen, K.-E., Optical sensing of
colour print on paper by a diffractive optical element. Meas. Sci. Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Nuclear magnetic resonance in identification
and characterization of water.
4592. Guzenda, R. and Wieslaw, O., Identification of free and bound
water content in wood by means of NMR relaxometry. 12th International Symposium
on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood,
4287. Chang, S. J.,
Olson, J. R. and Wang, P. C., NMR imaging of internal features in wood. For.
Prod. J. 39(6):43-49 (1989).
1960. Capitani, D., Segre, A. L., Attanasio, D.,
Blicharsca, B., Focher, B. and Capretti, G., 1H NMR relaxation study of paper
as a system of cellulose and water. Tappi 79(6):113-122 (1996).