Measurement, Scaling and Instrumentation (5 cpu) 3513058 Petri P. K䲥nlampi
Lectures
24 h, exercises 60 h, literature and examinations 49 h
Measurement of volume, mass, and moisture content.
Instrumentation and signal processing. Spectroscopy, acoustics, thermography.
Calorimetry, polarized light.
Phase retardation, diffraction.
Student will gain some knowledge regarding techniques and
systems for measurement and instrumentation, and consequently the ability to
understand and sketch principles for measurement applications.
Lectures
will be given at Bor101, and streamed with Video
Conference Apparatus into Microsoft Teams. Presently, there are no restrictions
to the presence in the lecture room. Any participant
shall have an opportunity to present questions and comments either in the
lecture room or within the Teams-meeting.
Exam will hopefully be on site. Please check the exam
dates proposed below. Let the lecturer know if there is any time conflict.
Lectures
on Mondays can be joined at
Lectures on Wednesdays can be joined at
Lecture on Tuesday, April 15 can possibly be joined.
Lectures:
BOR101
17.3.2025,
8-10 Volume, Mass
19.3.,
8-12 Moisture, Humidity, Sorption
24.3.,
8-10 Signal processing, Filtering, Integration
26.3., 8-12 Fourier-transform, Spectroscopy, Acoustics
31.3.,
8-10 Calorimetry by video
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=ff9fc865-56e0-47e7-b4ad-afea00b4547d
2.4.,
8-12 Thermography, Thermoelasticity
7.4.,
8-10 Polarized light, by videos
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=9607b7e9-c617-46ef-8348-afea00795a37
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=6a436ac2-d245-419b-9b6c-afef00bdafb9
9.4., 8-12 Reporting of final exercise
15.4., 8-12 Discussion of last weekly exercise, Room N103.
Grading:
Weekly
exercises 25%
Exam
75%
There
are two types of exercises.
Weekly
exercises are due March 24, 31, April 7, and 14, at 9 am, to be returned to the
Lecturers green metallic mailbox by the Northern entrance of the Borealis
Building. Eventual emails sent after the due time will
not be processed.
Weekly Exercises:
Final
Exercises.
Exercise consists of review of assigned literature, to be selected from the list below. This review will be presented as an oral presentation of 20 minutes. No written report is required, provided the oral presentation is satisfactory. However, the talk may have to be complemented in writing.
Literature:
Willard, H.
H., Merritt, L. L., Dean, J. A. and Settle, F. A., Instrumental methods of
analysis. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 7th ed. 1988. 895 p. pp.
1-39, 97-117, 761-785.
Young, H.
D. and Freedman, R. A., University Physics. Addison-Wesley, 10th Ed. 2000., pp.
593-619, 1053-1084.
Final examination April 16, at 12-14, Room N100.
Possibility for eventual renewals April 29, at 10-12, Room F101.
Results
Lecture recordings:
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=bf5ac00a-7854-409b-a948-b2a5005c2762
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=735b5e4f-0746-431d-a90b-b2a500a48b0c
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=ae58ea6c-7da0-48c1-8d2d-b2aa008b756d
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=f3ba7326-0d87-4162-85e9-afea00b3cc4b
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=ff9fc865-56e0-47e7-b4ad-afea00b4547d
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=92c22bb4-436a-4faa-9fc8-afea00b3cc9f
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=1068dc2a-4ed3-4bd0-af88-afea00b3cc78
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=8f346dc1-f557-48e8-b6fe-b2b300708480
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=9607b7e9-c617-46ef-8348-afea00795a37
https://uef.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=6a436ac2-d245-419b-9b6c-afef00bdafb9
Infrared thermography applied
to wood.
8105. Conde, M. J. M., Li/span>, C. R., de
Hita, P. R., & Gᬶez, F. P. (2012). Infrared
Thermography Applied to Wood. Research in Nondestructive Evaluation, 23(1),
3245. https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2011.626142
8106. Rui Pitarma, Jo㯠Crismo, L�a
Pereira, 2019. Detection of wood damages using infrared thermography.
Procedia Computer Science 155, 480-486,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.08.067.
8107. Gamaliel L, Luis Alfonso Basterra, Luis
Acu2013. Estimation of wood density using infrared thermography.
Construction and Building Materials 42, 29-32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.001.
8108. P. Meinlschmidt 2005. Thermographic detection of
defects in wood and wood-based materials. 14th international Symposium of
nondestructive testing of wood, Hannover , Germany (May 2nd -4th 2005) https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ndt.net/article/v11n01/meinlschmidt/meinlschmidt.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiIpPvDxIaMAxXAEBAIHWd6AZoQFnoECDUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0IPv_X-sJJlPV1R83j3gC0
Near-Infrared spectroscopy.
8109.
Tsuchikawa, S., Inagaki, T. & Ma, T. Application of Near-Infrared
Spectroscopy to Forest and Wood Products. Curr. For. Rep. 9, 401412 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00203-3
8110.
Deepa, M.S., Shukla, S.R. & Kelkar, B.U. Overview of applications of near
infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in wood science: recent advances and future prospects. J Indian Acad Wood Sci 21, 3457 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-024-00334-5
8111.
Schwanninger M, Rodrigues JC, Fackler K. A Review of Band Assignments in near
Infrared Spectra of Wood and Wood Components. Journal of Near Infrared
Spectroscopy. 2011;19(5):287-308. doi:10.1255/jnirs.955
NIRS in wood science.
8112.
LeblonBrigitte, AdedipeOluwatosin, HansGuillaume, HaddadiAtaollah,
TsuchikawaSatoru, BurgerJames, StirlingRod, PirouzZarin, GrovesKevin,
NaderJoseph, and LaRocqueArmand. 2013. A review of near-infrared spectroscopy
for monitoring moisture content and density of solid wood. The Forestry
Chronicle. 89(05): 595-606. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-111
8113.
Pan, X.; Li, K.; Chen, Z.; Yang, Z. Identifying Wood Based on Near-Infrared
Spectra and Four Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Texture Features. Forests
2021, 12, 1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111527
8114.
Anna Sandak∗,
Jakub Sandak∗,
Włodzimierz Prądzyński∗∗,Magdalena Zborowska∗∗, Martino Negri. NEAR INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY AS A TOOLFOR CHARACTERIZATION OF WOOD SURFACE. F O L I A F O R E S T A L I A P O L O N I C
A B, Issue 40, 31-40, 2009
8115.
Afroza Akter Liza, Shihao Wang, Yanchen Zhu, Hao Wu, Lukuan Guo, Yungeng Qi,
Fengshan Zhang, Junlong Song, Hao Ren, Jiaqi Guo, Ultraviolet (UV) assisted
fabrication and characterization of lignin containing cellulose nanofibrils
(LCNFs) from wood residues. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
283, 4, 2024, 137973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137973.
8117.
Dileswar Pradhan, Amit K. Jaiswal, Swarna Jaiswal, Emerging technologies for the production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic
biomass. Carbohydrate Polymers 285, 2022, 119258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119258.
Nanocellulose applications.
8118.
Trache D Fouzi D Mehdi T Sherwyn N Brosse N. Hazwan Hussin H. Front. Chem.
8 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00392
8116. H. Kargarzadeh, J. Huang, N. Lin, I. Ahmad, M.
Mariano, et al.. Recent
developments in nanocellulose-based biodegradable polymers, thermoplastic
polymers, and porous nanocomposites. Progress in Polymer Science, 2018, 87,
pp.197-227. ⟨10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.008⟩. ⟨hal-03327756⟩
Measurement of wood chemical structure, and prediction
of its macroscopic properties, in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared spectroscopy.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4573.
Schimleck, L. R., Wright, P. J., Michell. A. J. and Wallis, A. F.,
Near-infrared spectra and chemical compositions of Eucalyptus globulus and E.
nitens plantation woods. Appita 50:40-46 (1997).
4394.
Kindl, W., Schwanninger, M., Teischinger, A. and Hinterstoisser, B., Relating
chemical composition of wood to its mechanical properties: results from
UV-microscopic and near infrared microscopic studies. Fist International
Conference of the European Society of Wood Mechanics, April 19-21, 2001,
Lausanne, Swizerland, pp. 15-19.
4395. Niemz, P., K��r, S., Wienhaus, O.,
Flamme, W. and Balmer, M., Orientierende Untersuchungen sur Anwendung der
NIR-Spektroskopie fr die Beurteilung des Mischungsverh䬴nisses Laubholz/Nadelholz und des Klebstoffanteils in
Spangemischen. (Applying NIR spectroscopy for evaluation of the
hardwood softwood ratio and resin content in chip mictures.) Holz als Roh- und
Werkstoff 50:25-28 (1992).
4270.
Hauksson, J. B., Bergqvist, G., Bergsten, U., Sj����M.
and Edlund, U., Prediction of basic wood properties for Norway Spruce.
Interpretation of near infrared spectroscopy data using partial least squares
regression. Wood Sci. Tech. 35(6):475-485 (2001).
Wood pulp chemical structure, in terms of infrared
spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared spectroscopy.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4579.
ūerholm, M. and Salm鮼/span>, L., Dynamic FTIR spectroscopy for carbohydrate analysis of
wood pulps. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(7):245-249 (2002).
4580.
Backa, S. and Brolin, A., Determination of pulp characteristics by diffuse
reflectance FTIR. Tappi 74(5):218-226 (1991).
4581.
Easty, D. B., Berben, S. A., DeThomas, F. A. and Brimmer, P. J., Near-infrared
spectroscopy for the analyisis of wood pulp: quantifying hardwood-softwood
mixtures and estimating lignin content. Tappi 73(10):257-261 (1990).
4582. Hsu, N. N.-C., Schroeck, J. J. and Errigo, L., Identification of the origins of stickies in deinked pulp. Tappi 80(4):63-68 (1997).
Mechanical properties of paper products, and control
of pulping and papermaking processes, in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
3829. Furumoto, H., Lampe, U.,
Meixner, H. and Roth, C., Infrared analysis for process control in the pulp and
paper industry. Tappi 83(9) (2000). 9 p.
4586. Schultz, T. P. and Burns, D. A., Rapid secondary
analysis of lignocellulose: comparison of near infrared (NIR) and fourier
transform infrared (FTIR). Tappi 73(5):209-212 (1990).
4583. Morrison, P. W. Jr., Cosgrove, J. E., Carangelo,
R. M., Solomon, P. R., Leroueil, P. and Thorn, P. A., Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) instrumentation for monitoring recovery boilers. Tappi 74(12):68-78 (1991).
Properties
of pulps and cooking liquors properties in terms of ultraviolet
spectroscopy.
4404. Ye C., R䴹 J., Nyblom I., Hyv䲩nen H-K. and Moss P., Estimation of lignin content
in single, intact pulp fibers by UV photometry and VIS Mueller matrix
polarimetry. Nordic Pulp & Paper Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 143-148 (2001).
4576.
Evtuguin, D. V., Daniel, A. I. D. and Pascoal Neto, C., Determination of
hexeuronic acid and residual lignin in pulps by UV spectroscopy in cadoxen
solutions. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(6):189-192 (2002).
4577.
Chai, X. S. , Li, J. and Zhu, J. Y., Simultaneous and
rapid analysis of hydroxide, sulphide and carbonate in kraft liquors by
attenuated total reflection UV spectroscopy. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(4):105-109
(2002).
Determination of wood structure, in terms of
ultraviolet spectroscopy.
1667. Scott, J. A. N, Procter, A.
R., Fergus, B. J. & Goring, D. A. I. The application of ultraviolet
microscopy to the distribution of lignin in wood. Description and validity of
the technique. Wood Sci. Tech. 3:73-92 (1969).
48. Fergus, B. J., Procter, A. R.,
Scott, J. A. N. & Goring, D. A. I. 1969. The distribution of lignin in
sprucewood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy.
Wood Sci. Tech. 3(2):117-138.
1669. Fergus, B. J. and Goring, D.
A. I., The distribution of lignin in birch wood as determined by ultraviolet
microscopy. Holzforschung 24(4):118-124 (1970).
Microwaves in the determination of wood properties.
4288. Martin, P., Collet,
R., Barthelemy, P. and Roussy, G., Evaluation of wood characteristics: internal
scanning of the material by microwaves. Wood Sci. Tech. 21:361-371 (1987).
4598. Eskelinen, P. and Eskelinen, H., A K-band
microwave measuring system for the analysis of tree stems. Silva Fenn.
34(1):37-45 (2000).
4599. Montoro, T., Manrique, E. amd Gonzᬥz-Riviriego, A., Measurement of the refracting index of wood microwave radiation. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57:295-299 (1999).
Raman-spectroscopy in the determination of properties
of pulps and polymers.
4255. Galiotis, C., A study of
mechanisms of stress transfer in continuous- and discontinuous-fiber model
composites by laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci. Techn. 48:15-28 (1993).
3458. Hamad, W. Y. and Eichhorn, S.,
Deformation micromechanics of regenerated cellulose fibers using raman
spectroscopy. J. Eng. Mat. Tech. 119:309-313 (1997).
2357. Hamad, W. and Eichhorn, S.,
Raman spectroscopic analysis of the microdeformation in cellulosic fibers. 11th
Fundamental Research Symposium, Cambridge, England, Sept. 21-26, 1997, pp.
505-519.
4255. Galiotis, C., A study of
mechanisms of stress transfer in continuous- and discontinuous-fiber model
composites by laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci. Techn. 48:15-28 (1993).
Acoustics in the determination of the properties of sawlogs.
3941. Tsehaye, A., Bunchanan, A. H. and Walker, J. C.
F., Sorting of logs using acoustics. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(4):337-344 (2000).
4289. Han, W. and Birkeland, R., Ultrasonic scanning of logs. Industrial Metrology 2:253-281 (1992).
4839. Huang, C.-L., Lindstr��H., Nakada, R., and Ralston, J., Cell wall structure and wood properties determined by acoustics a selective review. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 61:321-335 (2003).
Applications of mechanical wave detection in wood and paper
industries.
4313. Kang, H. and Booker, R. E., Variation of stress
wave velocity with MC and temperature. Wood Sci. Tech. 36(1):41-54 (2002).
2254. Craver,
J. K. and Taylor, D. L., Nondestructive sonic measurement of paper elasticity.
Tappi 48(3):142-147 (1965).
4596. Sasaki, Y., and Hasegawa, M., Ultrasonic
measurement of applied stresses in wood by acoustoelastic birefringent method.
12th International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood, Sopron,
Hungary, September 2000, http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/sasaki/sasaki.htm
1186. Batten,
G. L., The differences between sonically and mechanically determined elastic
moduli of paper. In: Caulfield, D. F., Passaretti, J. D. and Sobczynski, S. F.
(eds.), "Materials Interactions Relevant to the Pulp and Paper and Wood
Industries", Vol. 197, pp. 163-172. Materials Research Society, Pittsburg,
1990.
Monitoring fractures through acoustic emissons.
1196. Yamauchi, T. and Murakami, K., Acoustic and
optical measurements during the straining of paper. 1991 International Paper
Physics Conference, September 22-26, Kona, Hawaiji ,
pp. 681-684.
3815.
Berg, J.-E. and Gradin, P. Effect of temperature on fracture of spruce in
compression, investigated by use of acoustic emission monitoring. J. Pulp Paper
Sci. 26(8):294-299 (2000).
4108. Aicher, S., H��in,
L. amd Dill-Langer, G., Damage evolution and acoustic emission of wood at
tension perpendicular to fiber. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 59:104-116 (2001).
4099b.
Landis, N. E. and Whittaker, D. B., Acoustic emission as a measure of wood
fracture energy. Fist International Conference of the European Society of Wood
Mechanics,
Changes in cell wall structure during drying.
4034. Thuvander, F.,
Wallstr��span>, L., Berglund, L. A. and Lindberg, K. A. H.,
Effects of an impregnation procedure for prevention of wood cell wall damage
due to drying. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(6):473-480 (2001).
4401. Wallstr��span>,
L., and Lindberg, K. A. H., Distribution of added chemicals in the cell of high temperature dried
and green wood of swedish pine, Pinus sylvestris. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(4):327-336
(2000).
826. Van den Akker, J. A.: Some theoretical considerations on the mechanical properties of fibrous structures. In: Bolam, F.(ed.), Formation and structure of paper Vol I. Transactions of the symposium held at Oxford, September 1961. Technical Section of the British Paper and Board Makers' Association, London 1962, pp. 205-241.
4361.
Nakamura, K., Hatakeyama, T., and Hatakeyama, H., Studies on bound water of
cellulose by differential scanning calorimetry. Text. Res. J. 51(9):607-613
(1981).
3531.
Maloney, T. and Paulapuro, H., The formation of pores in the cell wall. J. Pulp
Paper Sci. 25(12):430-436 (1999).
Thermography applications.
1940.
Tanaka, A., Otsuka, Y. and Yamauchi, T., In-plane fracture toughness testing of paper using thermography. Tappi 80(5):222-226
(1997).
2165.
Kiiskinen, H. T., Kukkonen, H. K., Pakarinen, P. I. And Laine, A. J., Infrared
thermography examination of paper structure. Tappi 80(4):159-162 (1997).
4087.
Hojjatie, B., Abedi, J.
and Coffin, D. W., Quantitative determination of in-plane moisture distribution
in paper by infrared thermography. Tappi 84(5) (2001). 11 p.
4589. Maggard, J., On-line measurement of dryer
performance. Tappi 78(3):264-265 (1995).
4590. Tanaka, T. and Divspan>, F., Wood inspection
by thermography. 12th International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of
Wood, Sopron, Hungary, September 2000,
http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/tanaka/tanaka.htm.
4597. Wyckhuyse, A. and Maldague, X., A study of wood
inspection by infrared thermography, Parti I: wood pole inspection by infrared
thermography. Res. Nonderstr. Eval. 2001:1-12.
1670. Scott, J. A. N. and Goring, D.
A. I., Photolysis of wood microsections in the ultraviolet microscope. Wood
Sci. Tech 4:237-239 (1970).
Cell wall structure through birefringence.
1467. Manwiller, F. G., Senarmont
compensation for determining fibril angles of cell wall layers. For. Prod. J.
16(10):26-30 (1966).
1090. Page, D.
H. and El-Hosseiny, F. The birefringerence of wood pulp fibers and the
thickness of the S1 and S2 layers. Wood and Fiber 6(3):186-192 (1974).
1086. Crosby,
C. M., De Zeeuw, C. and Marton, R., Fibrillar angle variation in red pine
determined by Senarmont compensation. Wood Sci. Tech. 6:185-195 (1972).
1470. Preston, R. D., The fine structure of the walls of the conifer tracheid. II. Optical properties of dissected walls in Pinus insignis. Proc. R. Soc. B 134(875):202-218 (1947).
4605b. Preston, R. D.,
Structure determination optical microscopy. In:Preston,
R. D., The physical biology of plant cell walls, Wiley 1974.
Microfibril angle through polarized light.
1081. Page, D. H., A method for determining fibrillar
angle of wood tracheids. J. Micros. 90(2):137-143 (1969).
1089.
Leney, L., A technique for measuring fibril angle using polarized light. Wood
Fiber 13(1):13-16 (1981).
4603.
El-Hosseiny, F. and Page, D. H., The measurement of fibril angle of wood fibres
using polarized light. Wood and Fiber 5(3):208-214 (1973).
Microfibril angle through x-ray interference.
1464. Cave, I. D., Theory of X-ray
measurement of microfibril angle in wood. For. Prod. J. 16(10):37-42 (1966).
1468. Meylan, B. A., Measurement of
microfibril angle by X-ray diffraction. For. Prod. J. 17(5):51-58 (1967).
1105. Prud'homme, R. E. and Noah,
J., Determination of fibril angle distribution in wood fibers: a comparison
between thex-ray diffraction and the polarized microscope methods. Wood Fiber
6(4):282-289 (1975).
4858. Andersson, S.,
Serimaa, R., Torkkeli, M., Paakkari, T., Saranp䤼/span>, P.
and Pesonen, E., Microfibril angle of Norway spruce [Picea abiues (L.) Karst.]
compression wood: comparison of measuring techniques. J. Wood Sci. 46:343-349
(2000).
X-ray densitometry.
4600. Gureyev, T. E. and Evans,
R., A method for measuring vessel-free density distribution in hardwoods. Wood
Sci. Tech. 33:31-42 (1999).
4601. Stanzl-Tschegg, S. E.,
Filion, L., Tschegg, E. K. and Reiterer, A., Strength properties and density of
SO2 polluted spruce wood. Holz als Roh- und Verkstoff 57:121-128 (1999).
4602.
Divos, F., Szegedi, S. and Raics, P., Local densitometry of wood by gamma
back-scattering. Holz als Roh- und Verkstoff. 54:279-281 (1996).
4240.
Bergsten, U., Lindeberg, J., Rindby, A. and Evans, R., Bach measurements of
wood density of intact or prepared drill cores using x-ray microdensitometry.
Wood Sci. Tech. 35(5):435-452 (2001).
Internal structure of sawlogs through x-ray radiation.
3628. Grundberg, S., X-ray log scanner - a tool for
control of the sawmill process. Lule弯span> Univ. of Technology, Div. of
Wood Technology, Skellefte弯span>, SE, Report 1999:37.
3629. Oja, J., X-ray measurement of properties of saw logs. Lule弯span> Univ. of Technology, Div. of Wood Technology, Skellefte弯span>, SE, Report 1999:14.
4857. Skog, J. and Oja, J., Improved log sorting combining X-ray and 3D scanning a preliminary study. Cost E 53 Conference Quality Control for Wood and Wood Products, October 2007, Warsaw, Poland, 133-140.
3992. Palviainen, J. and Silvennoinen, R., Inspection
of wood density by spectrophotometry and diffractive optical element
based sensor. Meas. Sci. Tech. 12:1-8 (2001).
4413. Palviainen, J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R.
and Peiponen, K.-E., Optical sensing of colour print on paper by a diffractive
optical element. Meas. Sci. Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Anisotropy through light scattering patters.
4414. Simonaho, S.-P., Palviainen, J., Tolonen, Y.
and Silvennoinen, R., Determination of wood grain direction from laser light
scattering pattern. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 41(1):95-103 (2004).
3992. Palviainen, J. and Silvennoinen, R.,
Inspection of wood density by spectrophotometry and diffractive optical element based sensor. Meas. Sci. Tech. 12:1-8 (2001).
4413. Palviainen, J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R.
and Peiponen, K.-E., Optical sensing of colour print on paper by a diffractive
optical element. Meas.
Sci. Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Nuclear magnetic resonance in identification and characterization of
water.
4592. Guzenda, R. and Wieslaw, O., Identification of
free and bound water content in wood by means of NMR relaxometry. 12th
International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood, Sopron, Hungary,
September 2000, http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/guzenda/guzenda.htm
4287. Chang, S. J., Olson, J. R. and Wang, P. C.,
NMR imaging of internal features in wood. For. Prod. J. 39(6):43-49 (1989).
1960.
Capitani, D., Segre, A. L., Attanasio, D., Blicharsca, B., Focher, B. and
Capretti, G., 1H NMR relaxation study of paper as a system of cellulose and
water. Tappi 79(6):113-122 (1996).
Heartwood detection for Scotch pine by fluorescence image analysis
5166. Antikainen Jukka, Hirvonen Tapani, Kinnunen Jussi, Hauta-Kasari Markku. Heartwood detection for Scotch pine by fluorescence image analysis. Holzforschung, Vol. 66, pp. 877881, 2012.