Measurement,
Scaling and Instrumentation (5 cpu) 3513058 Petri P. K䲥nlampi
Lectures 24 h, exercises 60 h, literature and
examinations 49 h
Measurement of volume,
mass, and moisture content. Instrumentation and signal processing.
Spectroscopy, acoustics, thermography.
Calorimetry, polarized
light.
Phase retardation,
diffraction.
Student will gain some knowledge regarding techniques
and systems for measurement and instrumentation, and consequently the ability
to understand and sketch principles for measurement applications.
Lectures will be given at Bor101, and streamed with
Video Conference Apparatus into Microsoft Teams. Presently, there are no
restrictions to the presence in the lecture room. Any participant shall have an
opportunity to present questions and comments either in the lecture room or
within the Teams-meeting.
Exam will hopefully be on site. Please check the exam
dates proposed below. Let the lecturer know if there is any time conflict.
Lectures on Mondays can be joined at
Lectures on Wednesdays can
be joined at
Lecture on Tuesday, April 15 can possibly be joined.
Lectures:
BOR101
17.3.2025,
8-10 Volume, Mass
19.3., 8-12
Moisture, Humidity, Sorption
24.3., 8-10
Signal processing, Filtering, Integration
26.3., 8-12
Fourier-transform, Spectroscopy, Acoustics
31.3., 8-10
Calorimetry
2.4., 8-12
Thermography, Thermoelasticity
7.4., 8-10
Polarized light, Phase retardation
9.4.,
8-12
Reporting of final exercise
15.4., 8-12
Discussion of last weekly exercise, Room ???
Grading:
Weekly exercises 25%
Exam 75%
There are two types of exercises.
Weekly exercises are due March 24, 31, April 7, and
14, at 9 am, to be returned to the Lecturers green metallic mailbox by the
Northern entrance of the Borealis Building. Eventual emails sent after the due
time will not be processed.
Weekly Exercises:
Final Exercises.
Exercise
consists of review of assigned literature, to be selected from the list below.
This review will be presented as an oral presentation of 20 minutes. No written
report is required, provided the oral presentation is satisfactory. However,
the talk may have to be complemented in writing.
Please let the lecturer know whether you are available to give your
presentation in the lecture room by April 26.
Literature:
Willard, H. H., Merritt, L. L., Dean, J. A. and
Settle, F. A., Instrumental methods of analysis. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 7th
ed. 1988. 895 p. pp. 1-39, 97-117, 761-785.
Young, H. D. and Freedman, R. A., University Physics.
Addison-Wesley, 10th Ed. 2000., pp. 593-619, 1053-1084.
Final
examination April 16, at 10-12, Room ???.
Possibility
for eventual renewals April 30, at 10-12, Room ???.
Results
Lecture
recordings:
Infrared
thermography applied to wood.
8105. Conde, M. J. M., Li/span>, C. R., de
Hita, P. R., & Gᬶez, F. P. (2012). Infrared
Thermography Applied to Wood. Research in Nondestructive Evaluation, 23(1),
3245. https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2011.626142
8106. Rui Pitarma, Jo㯠Crismo, L�a
Pereira, 2019. Detection of wood damages using infrared thermography. Procedia
Computer Science 155, 480-486,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.08.067.
8107. Gamaliel L, Luis Alfonso Basterra, Luis
Acu2013. Estimation of wood density using infrared thermography.
Construction and Building Materials 42, 29-32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.001.
8108. P. Meinlschmidt 2005. Thermographic detection of
defects in wood and wood-based materials. 14th international Symposium of
nondestructive testing of wood, Hannover , Germany (May 2nd -4th 2005) https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ndt.net/article/v11n01/meinlschmidt/meinlschmidt.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiIpPvDxIaMAxXAEBAIHWd6AZoQFnoECDUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0IPv_X-sJJlPV1R83j3gC0
Near-Infrared
spectroscopy.
8109. Tsuchikawa, S., Inagaki, T. & Ma, T.
Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Forest and Wood Products. Curr.
For. Rep. 9, 401412 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00203-3
8110. Deepa, M.S., Shukla, S.R. & Kelkar, B.U.
Overview of applications of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in wood science:
recent advances and future prospects. J Indian Acad Wood Sci 21, 3457
(2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-024-00334-5
8111. Schwanninger M, Rodrigues JC, Fackler K. A
Review of Band Assignments in near Infrared Spectra of Wood and Wood
Components. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy.
2011;19(5):287-308. doi:10.1255/jnirs.955
NIRS
in wood science.
8112. LeblonBrigitte, AdedipeOluwatosin,
HansGuillaume, HaddadiAtaollah, TsuchikawaSatoru, BurgerJames, StirlingRod,
PirouzZarin, GrovesKevin, NaderJoseph, and LaRocqueArmand. 2013.
A review of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring moisture content and
density of solid wood. The Forestry Chronicle. 89(05): 595-606.
https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-111
8113. Pan, X.; Li, K.; Chen, Z.; Yang, Z. Identifying
Wood Based on Near-Infrared Spectra and Four Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix
Texture Features. Forests 2021, 12, 1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111527
8114. Anna Sandak∗, Jakub Sandak∗, Włodzimierz Prądzyński∗∗,Magdalena Zborowska∗∗, Martino Negri. NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AS A
TOOLFOR CHARACTERIZATION OF WOOD SURFACE. F O L I A F O R E S T A L I A P O L O
N I C A B, Issue 40, 31-40, 2009
8115. Afroza Akter Liza, Shihao Wang, Yanchen Zhu, Hao
Wu, Lukuan Guo, Yungeng Qi, Fengshan Zhang, Junlong Song, Hao Ren, Jiaqi Guo,
Ultraviolet (UV) assisted fabrication and characterization of lignin containing
cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) from wood residues. International Journal of
Biological Macromolecules 283, 4, 2024, 137973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137973.
8117. Dileswar Pradhan, Amit K. Jaiswal, Swarna
Jaiswal, Emerging technologies for the production of nanocellulose from
lignocellulosic biomass. Carbohydrate Polymers 285, 2022, 119258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119258.
Nanocellulose
applications.
8118. Trache D Fouzi D Mehdi T Sherwyn N Brosse N.
Hazwan Hussin H. Front. Chem. 8 - 2020 |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00392
8116. H. Kargarzadeh, J. Huang, N. Lin, I. Ahmad, M.
Mariano, et al.. Recent developments in nanocellulose-based biodegradable
polymers, thermoplastic polymers, and porous nanocomposites. Progress in
Polymer Science, 2018, 87, pp.197-227. ⟨10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.008⟩. ⟨hal-03327756⟩
Measurement
of wood chemical structure, and prediction of its macroscopic properties, in
terms of infrared spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared spectroscopy.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4573.
Schimleck, L. R., Wright, P. J., Michell. A. J. and Wallis, A. F.,
Near-infrared spectra and chemical compositions of Eucalyptus globulus and E.
nitens plantation woods. Appita 50:40-46 (1997).
4394.
Kindl, W., Schwanninger, M., Teischinger, A. and Hinterstoisser, B., Relating
chemical composition of wood to its mechanical properties: results from
UV-microscopic and near infrared microscopic studies. Fist International
Conference of the European Society of Wood Mechanics, April 19-21, 2001,
Lausanne, Swizerland, pp. 15-19.
4395. Niemz, P., K��r, S., Wienhaus, O.,
Flamme, W. and Balmer, M., Orientierende Untersuchungen sur Anwendung der
NIR-Spektroskopie fr die Beurteilung des Mischungsverh䬴nisses Laubholz/Nadelholz und des Klebstoffanteils in
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Werkstoff 50:25-28 (1992).
4270. Hauksson, J. B., Bergqvist, G., Bergsten, U., Sj����M.
and Edlund, U., Prediction of basic wood properties for Norway Spruce.
Interpretation of near infrared spectroscopy data using partial least squares
regression. Wood Sci. Tech. 35(6):475-485 (2001).
Wood
pulp chemical structure, in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
4327. Brust, G., Infrared spectroscopy.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/floor5.htm
4327b. Brust, G., Infrared vibrational modes.
http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/irabs.htm
4579.
ūerholm, M. and Salm鮼/span>, L., Dynamic FTIR spectroscopy for carbohydrate analysis of
wood pulps. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(7):245-249 (2002).
4580.
Backa, S. and Brolin, A., Determination of pulp characteristics by diffuse
reflectance FTIR. Tappi 74(5):218-226 (1991).
4581.
Easty, D. B., Berben, S. A., DeThomas, F. A. and Brimmer, P. J., Near-infrared
spectroscopy for the analyisis of wood pulp: quantifying hardwood-softwood
mixtures and estimating lignin content. Tappi 73(10):257-261 (1990).
4582.
Hsu, N. N.-C., Schroeck, J. J. and Errigo, L., Identification of the origins of
stickies in deinked pulp. Tappi 80(4):63-68 (1997).
Mechanical
properties of paper products, and control of pulping and papermaking processes,
in terms of infrared spectroscopy.
3829.
Furumoto, H., Lampe, U., Meixner, H. and Roth, C., Infrared analysis for
process control in the pulp and paper industry. Tappi 83(9) (2000). 9 p.
4586. Schultz, T. P. and Burns, D. A., Rapid secondary
analysis of lignocellulose: comparison of near infrared (NIR) and fourier
transform infrared (FTIR). Tappi 73(5):209-212 (1990).
4583. Morrison, P. W. Jr., Cosgrove, J. E., Carangelo,
R. M., Solomon, P. R., Leroueil, P. and Thorn, P. A., Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) instrumentation for monitoring recovery boilers. Tappi
74(12):68-78 (1991).
Properties
of pulps and cooking
liquors properties in terms of ultraviolet spectroscopy.
4404. Ye C., R䴹 J., Nyblom I., Hyv䲩nen H-K. and Moss P., Estimation of lignin
content in single, intact pulp fibers by UV photometry and VIS Mueller matrix
polarimetry. Nordic Pulp & Paper Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 143-148 (2001).
4576.
Evtuguin, D. V., Daniel, A. I. D. and Pascoal Neto, C., Determination of
hexeuronic acid and residual lignin in pulps by UV spectroscopy in cadoxen
solutions. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(6):189-192 (2002).
4577.
Chai, X. S. , Li, J. and Zhu, J. Y., Simultaneous and rapid analysis of
hydroxide, sulphide and carbonate in kraft liquors by attenuated total
reflection UV spectroscopy. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 28(4):105-109 (2002).
Determination
of wood structure, in terms of ultraviolet spectroscopy.
1667.
Scott, J. A. N, Procter, A. R., Fergus, B. J. & Goring, D. A. I. The
application of ultraviolet microscopy to the distribution of lignin in wood.
Description and validity of the technique. Wood Sci. Tech. 3:73-92 (1969).
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Fergus, B. J., Procter, A. R., Scott, J. A. N. & Goring, D. A. I. 1969. The
distribution of lignin in sprucewood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy.
Wood Sci. Tech. 3(2):117-138.
1669.
Fergus, B. J. and Goring, D. A. I., The distribution of lignin in birch wood as
determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Holzforschung 24(4):118-124 (1970).
Microwaves
in the determination of wood properties.
4288.
Martin, P., Collet, R., Barthelemy, P. and Roussy, G., Evaluation of wood
characteristics: internal scanning of the material by microwaves. Wood Sci.
Tech. 21:361-371 (1987).
4598.
Eskelinen, P. and Eskelinen, H., A K-band microwave measuring system for the
analysis of tree stems. Silva Fenn. 34(1):37-45 (2000).
4599.
Montoro, T., Manrique, E. amd Gonzᬥz-Riviriego, A., Measurement of the
refracting index of wood microwave radiation. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57:295-299 (1999).
Raman-spectroscopy
in the determination of properties of pulps and polymers.
4255.
Galiotis, C., A study of mechanisms of stress transfer in continuous- and
discontinuous-fiber model composites by laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci.
Techn. 48:15-28 (1993).
3458.
Hamad, W. Y. and Eichhorn, S., Deformation micromechanics of regenerated
cellulose fibers using raman spectroscopy. J. Eng. Mat. Tech. 119:309-313
(1997).
2357.
Hamad, W. and Eichhorn, S., Raman spectroscopic analysis of the
microdeformation in cellulosic fibers. 11th Fundamental Research Symposium,
Cambridge, England, Sept. 21-26, 1997, pp. 505-519.
4255.
Galiotis, C., A study of mechanisms of stress transfer in continuous- and
discontinuous-fiber model composites by laser raman spectroscopy. Comp. Sci.
Techn. 48:15-28 (1993).
Acoustics in the
determination of the properties of sawlogs.
3941.
Tsehaye, A., Bunchanan, A. H. and Walker, J. C. F., Sorting of logs using
acoustics. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(4):337-344 (2000).
4289.
Han, W. and Birkeland, R., Ultrasonic scanning of logs. Industrial Metrology 2:253-281 (1992).
4839.
Huang, C.-L., Lindstr��H., Nakada, R., and Ralston, J., Cell wall
structure and wood properties determined by acoustics a selective review. Holz
als Roh- und Werkstoff 61:321-335 (2003).
Applications of
mechanical wave detection in wood and paper industries.
4313. Kang, H. and Booker, R. E., Variation of stress
wave velocity with MC and temperature. Wood Sci. Tech. 36(1):41-54 (2002).
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sonic measurement of paper elasticity. Tappi 48(3):142-147 (1965).
4596. Sasaki, Y., and Hasegawa, M., Ultrasonic
measurement of applied stresses in wood by acoustoelastic birefringent method.
12th International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood, Sopron,
Hungary, September 2000, http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/sasaki/sasaki.htm
1186. Batten, G. L., The differences between sonically
and mechanically determined elastic moduli of paper. In: Caulfield, D. F.,
Passaretti, J. D. and Sobczynski, S. F. (eds.), "Materials Interactions
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163-172. Materials Research Society, Pittsburg, 1990.
Monitoring fractures
through acoustic emissons.
1196.
Yamauchi, T. and Murakami, K., Acoustic and optical measurements during the
straining of paper. 1991 International Paper Physics Conference, September
22-26, Kona, Hawaiji , pp. 681-684.
3815.
Berg, J.-E. and Gradin, P. Effect of temperature on fracture of spruce in
compression, investigated by use of acoustic emission monitoring. J. Pulp Paper
Sci. 26(8):294-299 (2000).
4108.
Aicher, S., H��in, L. amd Dill-Langer, G., Damage evolution and
acoustic emission of wood at tension perpendicular to fiber. Holz als Roh- und
Werkstoff 59:104-116 (2001).
4099b.
Landis, N. E. and Whittaker, D. B., Acoustic emission as a measure of wood
fracture energy. Fist International Conference of the European Society of Wood
Mechanics, April 19-21, 2001, Lausanne, Swizerland, pp. 295-303.
Changes
in cell wall structure during drying.
4034.
Thuvander, F., Wallstr��span>, L., Berglund, L. A. and
Lindberg, K. A. H., Effects of an impregnation procedure for prevention of wood
cell wall damage due to drying. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(6):473-480 (2001).
4401.
Wallstr��span>, L., and Lindberg, K. A. H., Distribution of added chemicals in the cell of high temperature dried
and green wood of swedish pine, Pinus sylvestris. Wood Sci. Tech. 34(4):327-336
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826. Van den Akker,
J. A.: Some theoretical considerations on the mechanical properties of fibrous
structures. In: Bolam, F.(ed.), Formation and structure of paper Vol I.
Transactions of the symposium held at Oxford, September 1961. Technical Section
of the British Paper and Board Makers' Association, London 1962, pp. 205-241.
Freezing
of water in wood and pulp.
4361.
Nakamura, K., Hatakeyama, T., and Hatakeyama, H., Studies on bound water of
cellulose by differential scanning calorimetry. Text. Res. J. 51(9):607-613
(1981).
3531.
Maloney, T. and Paulapuro, H., The formation of pores in the cell wall. J. Pulp
Paper Sci. 25(12):430-436 (1999).
Thermography
applications.
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In-plane fracture toughness testing of paper using thermography. Tappi
80(5):222-226 (1997).
2165. Kiiskinen, H. T., Kukkonen, H. K., Pakarinen, P.
I. And Laine, A. J., Infrared thermography examination of paper structure.
Tappi 80(4):159-162 (1997).
4087.
Hojjatie, B., Abedi, J. and Coffin, D. W., Quantitative determination of
in-plane moisture distribution in paper by infrared thermography. Tappi 84(5)
(2001). 11 p.
4589. Maggard, J., On-line measurement of dryer
performance. Tappi 78(3):264-265 (1995).
4590. Tanaka, T. and Divspan>, F., Wood inspection
by thermography. 12th International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of
Wood, Sopron, Hungary, September 2000,
http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/tanaka/tanaka.htm.
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inspection by infrared thermography, Parti I: wood pole inspection by infrared
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1670.
Scott, J. A. N. and Goring, D. A. I., Photolysis of wood microsections in the
ultraviolet microscope. Wood Sci. Tech 4:237-239 (1970).
Cell
wall structure through birefringence.
1467.
Manwiller, F. G., Senarmont compensation for determining fibril angles of cell
wall layers. For. Prod. J. 16(10):26-30 (1966).
1090. Page, D. H. and El-Hosseiny, F. The
birefringerence of wood pulp fibers and the thickness of the S1 and S2 layers.
Wood and Fiber 6(3):186-192 (1974).
1086. Crosby, C. M., De Zeeuw, C. and Marton, R.,
Fibrillar angle variation in red pine determined by Senarmont compensation.
Wood Sci. Tech. 6:185-195 (1972).
1470. Preston, R. D., The fine structure of the walls
of the conifer tracheid. II. Optical properties of dissected walls in Pinus
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4605b.
Preston, R. D., Structure determination optical microscopy. In:Preston, R. D.,
The physical biology of plant cell walls, Wiley 1974.
Microfibril
angle through polarized light.
1081.
Page, D. H., A method for determining fibrillar angle of wood tracheids. J.
Micros. 90(2):137-143 (1969).
1089.
Leney, L., A technique for measuring fibril angle using polarized light. Wood
Fiber 13(1):13-16 (1981).
4603.
El-Hosseiny, F. and Page, D. H., The measurement of fibril angle of wood fibres
using polarized light. Wood and Fiber 5(3):208-214 (1973).
Microfibril
angle through x-ray interference.
1464.
Cave, I. D., Theory of X-ray measurement of microfibril angle in wood. For.
Prod. J. 16(10):37-42 (1966).
1468.
Meylan, B. A., Measurement of microfibril angle by X-ray diffraction. For.
Prod. J. 17(5):51-58 (1967).
1105.
Prud'homme, R. E. and Noah, J., Determination of fibril angle distribution in
wood fibers: a comparison between thex-ray diffraction and the polarized
microscope methods. Wood Fiber 6(4):282-289 (1975).
4858. Andersson, S., Serimaa, R., Torkkeli, M., Paakkari,
T., Saranp䤼/span>, P. and Pesonen,
E., Microfibril angle of Norway spruce [Picea abiues (L.) Karst.] compression
wood: comparison of measuring techniques. J. Wood Sci. 46:343-349 (2000).
X-ray densitometry.
4600. Gureyev, T. E. and Evans,
R., A method for measuring vessel-free density distribution in hardwoods. Wood
Sci. Tech. 33:31-42 (1999).
4601. Stanzl-Tschegg, S. E.,
Filion, L., Tschegg, E. K. and Reiterer, A., Strength properties and density of
SO2 polluted spruce wood. Holz als Roh- und Verkstoff 57:121-128 (1999).
4602.
Divos, F., Szegedi, S. and Raics, P., Local densitometry of wood by gamma
back-scattering. Holz als Roh- und Verkstoff. 54:279-281 (1996).
4240.
Bergsten, U., Lindeberg, J., Rindby, A. and Evans, R., Bach measurements of
wood density of intact or prepared drill cores using x-ray microdensitometry.
Wood Sci. Tech. 35(5):435-452 (2001).
Internal structure
of sawlogs through x-ray radiation.
3628.
Grundberg, S., X-ray log scanner - a tool for control of the sawmill process.
Lule弯span> Univ.
of Technology, Div. of Wood Technology, Skellefte弯span>, SE, Report 1999:37.
3629.
Oja, J., X-ray measurement of properties of saw logs. Lule弯span> Univ.
of Technology, Div. of Wood Technology, Skellefte弯span>, SE, Report 1999:14.
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J., Improved log sorting combining X-ray and 3D scanning a preliminary study.
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Warsaw, Poland, 133-140.
Wood density through
transmission intensity of visible.
3992. Palviainen, J. and Silvennoinen, R., Inspection
of wood density by spectrophotometry and diffractive optical element based
sensor. Meas. Sci. Tech. 12:1-8 (2001).
4413. Palviainen, J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R.
and Peiponen, K.-E., Optical sensing of colour print on paper by a diffractive
optical element. Meas. Sci. Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Anisotropy through
light scattering patters.
4414.
Simonaho, S.-P., Palviainen, J., Tolonen, Y. and Silvennoinen, R.,
Determination of wood grain direction from laser light scattering pattern.
Optics and Lasers in Engineering 41(1):95-103 (2004).
3992.
Palviainen, J. and Silvennoinen, R., Inspection of wood density by
spectrophotometry and diffractive optical element based sensor. Meas. Sci. Tech.
12:1-8 (2001).
4413.
Palviainen, J., Sorjonen, M., Silvennoinen, R. and Peiponen, K.-E., Optical
sensing of colour print on paper by a diffractive optical element. Meas.
Sci. Tech. 13:N31-37 (2002).
Nuclear magnetic
resonance in identification and characterization of water.
4592. Guzenda, R. and Wieslaw, O., Identification of
free and bound water content in wood by means of NMR relaxometry. 12th
International Symposium on Nonderstructive Testing of Wood, Sopron, Hungary,
September 2000, http://www.ndt.net/article/v06n03/guzenda/guzenda.htm
4287.
Chang, S. J., Olson, J. R. and Wang, P. C., NMR imaging of internal features in
wood. For. Prod. J. 39(6):43-49 (1989).
1960.
Capitani, D., Segre, A. L., Attanasio, D., Blicharsca, B., Focher, B. and
Capretti, G., 1H NMR relaxation study of paper as a system of cellulose and
water. Tappi 79(6):113-122 (1996).
Heartwood
detection for Scotch pine by fluorescence image analysis
5166.
Antikainen Jukka, Hirvonen Tapani, Kinnunen Jussi, Hauta-Kasari Markku.
Heartwood detection for Scotch pine by fluorescence image analysis.
Holzforschung, Vol. 66, pp. 877881, 2012.